| Weight | 0.45 kg |
|---|---|
| Dimensions | 10 × 10 × 10 cm |
| Brands | |
| Product | |
| Pack | Single |
| Theme | Civil, Figures, Military |
AK Points
Scale Model Handbook: Theme Collection Vol.1
Availability: In stock
24,95€
WWII GERMAN MILITARY FORCES IN SCALE
This new series will bring to you books with articles collection previously published in our editions and dedicated to one theme. Each book will include chosen articles to cover a specific theme.
Includes:
- 4 Sturmbannführer of the SS, 2nd Panzer Division Das Reich Artillery Regiment, France 1944 – Painting a 90mm WWII Figure and his Dog – 90mm (1/20)
- 14 Oberleutnant of the 1st Fallschirmjäger Division – Painting a 1/35 scale WWII German Paratrooper Figure – 50mm (1/35)
- 18 Waffen SS MG42 Gunner – How to Paint a Camouflaged Smock and Apply a Fair Complexion to a Large Scale Figures Face – 200mm (1/9)
- 28 Claus Von Stauffenberg – Techniques for Combining Acrylic and Oil Colours for Skin Tones, and Painting Leather Clothing for Box Art – 90mm (1/20)
- 38 U-Boat Crew WWII – Painting a Large Scale Bust with Acrylic and Oil Paints – 180mm (1/10)
- 40 A Step by Step Exercise Showing How to Sculpt a Reversible Winter Parka Using A+B Epoxy Putty on a 1/35 Scale Figure – 50mm (1/35)
- 48 SS-Standartenführer, 1944 – Painting a Large Scale Bust Step by Step – 200mm (1/9)
- 54 Maschinengewehrschütze MG34 – A Presentation on How to Paint a Large Scale Machine Gunner Figure With Acrylics and Oils for the Manufacturers Kit Box Photograph, – 200mm (1/9)
- 64 Soldier of the SS Leibstandarte Carrying an MG42 Tripod, Kharkov 1943 – How to Paint Cool Flesh Tones and Produce Varying Textures for That Eastern Front Appearance – 180mm (1/10)
- 72 Fallschirmjäger 1944 – Painting Late War Paratroopers Camouflage Pattern Clothing to A Large Scale Bust – 180mm (1/10)
Custom Tab Content here.
Tail sed sausage magna quis commodo swine. Aliquip strip steak esse ex in ham hock fugiat in. Labore velit pork belly eiusmod ut shank doner capicola consectetur landjaeger fugiat excepteur short loin. Pork belly laboris mollit in leberkas qui. Pariatur swine aliqua pork chop venison veniam. Venison sed cow short loin bresaola shoulder cupidatat capicola drumstick dolore magna shankle.
Tail sed sausage magna quis commodo swine. Aliquip strip steak esse ex in ham hock fugiat in. Labore velit pork belly eiusmod ut shank doner capicola consectetur landjaeger fugiat excepteur short loin. Pork belly laboris mollit in leberkas qui. Pariatur swine aliqua pork chop venison veniam. Venison sed cow short loin bresaola shoulder cupidatat capicola drumstick dolore magna shankle.
Related Products to Scale Model Handbook: Theme Collection Vol.1
Scale Model Handbook: Diorama Modelling 1
MRB SMH-DM01
29,95€2nd edition, updated cover with same content!
100 pages.
Welcome to the first book about modelling dioramas in Mr Black Publications series of Scale Model Handbooks. They promised in their first issue that our publications would eventually cover a greater variety of military modelling themes and now their first special issue dedicated to various types of dioramas has come to fruition!
While gathering material for such a special book they soon realized that it wouldnt be possible to cover everything they wanted to in our standard 52-page format, so a 100-page book became inevitable to provide more coverage and satisfy the requirements of our readers. Different approaches, techniques and step-by-step instructions are covered in more than 400 photographs and associated texts to inspire you, the reader, to make your own creations.
Scale Model Handbook: Figure modelling 20
MRB SMH20-FM20
14,95€They decided to celebrate their 20th edition in the Figure Modelling series by featuring only WWI and WWII themes, which are our two most popular periods. They have 11 different articles herein – five on WWI and six on WWII.
Scale Model Handbook: WWII Special 1
MRB SMH-WWII01
24,95€This is the first book in the series where they have entirely dedicated to creations inspired by those events that took place between the years 1939-1945 known to Western histories as “The Second World War”. Even though wartime themes are numerous herein, and feature an extended variety of models and figures, especially in 1:35 scale, they have managed to present many representative examples catering to the varying interests of our readers.
Scale Model Handbook: Figure modelling 22
MRB SMH22-FM22
14,95€Ten articles from seven well-known artists and three making the first appearance in our editions, are featured in this issue, where you’ll find lots of tips and techniques about modeling miniature figures, busts, and vignettes from ancient times to the Second World War. Chosen subjects are covered in detail and illustrated with step-by-step photos and explanatory texts.
Scale Model Handbook: Figure modelling 18
MRB SMH18-FM18
14,95€This time offer eight articles from six well-known miniaturists with tips and techniques, information about modelling miniature figures, vignettes and small dioramas, from ancient times up to the Second World War. Most of the articles herein are covered in great detail with lots of step-by-step photos and explanatory texts.
Scale Model Handbook: Ancient Warriors in Scale, Theme Collection Vol.3
MRB SMH-TC03
24,95€ANCIENT WARRIORS IN SCALE
THEME COLLECTION VOL.3
This is the third “Theme Collections” title in our new series that draws upon previously published articles in our Scale Model Handbook Special Editions Collection books where the content is dedicated to a specific category or period. In this latest edition, we’ve gathered together some features on“Ancient Warriors”, which has a popular following amongst the miniature figure modelling fraternity. Future titles in this new series will offer more carefully chosen articles, grouped together into specific themes.
Our books are produced using a high-quality digital printing process giving excellent quality illustrations, using 300g matt laminated velvet paper for the covers, with 150g velvet paper inside all perfect bound with a special glue!
As always, thanks must go to all our contributors for their support and for sharing their secrets with us. Special thanks are due to Pietro Balloni, Luca Marchetti, Alex Vallejo, Darren Parker-Mead, Man-Jin Kim, Alexey Lucanev, Fernando Vallejo, TaesungHarmms, Andrew Cairns, Young B. Song, Dae-Hyeong Kim, Ju Won Jung, Paul Ondeck, Yannis Papadopoulos, and our English Text Editor Ken Jones.
We hope you’ll enjoy our latest edition!
Stelios Demiras
Editor/Publisher
CONTENTS
4 Gallic Chieftain 1st Century B.C.
How to Paint Fair Complexion & Celtic Tartan Cloak (Box Art) – 75mm (1/24)
16 Boudicca, Queen of the Iceni
Painting Female Complexion and Tartan – 75mm (1/24)
24 The Barbarians
Ancient Period Figures Vignette – 75mm (1/24)
28 Seleucid General
How to Paint a Large Scale Bust – 200mm (1/9)
34 Roma Victor, Germania 180 A.D.
Figure Conversion – 75mm (1/24)
38 Attila, King of the Huns, A.D. 451
Analyzing and Enhancing the Spirit of the Character behind a Miniature (Box Art) – 54mm (1/32)
42 Greek Hoplite
Painting an Ancient Theme Bust Using Oils – 180mm (1/10)
44 Praetorian Guard
Painting & Displaying a 75mm Figure in a Realistic Setting – 75mm (1/24)
52 General Marcus Antonius 83-30 B.C.
How to Paint a Large Scale Bust in Acrylics & Oils – 180mm (1/10)
54 Blood! Portraying Realistic Blood on Figures
Various Scales
60 Pausanias at the Battle of Plataea, 479 BC
How to Make a Realistic Landscape Setting & Painting Red Colour – 90mm (1/20)
66 Primus Pilus Roman Centurion, 1st century A.D.
A Comprehensive Painting Guide (Step by Step) – 75mm (1/24)
76 Hero Saxon Warrior, 5th Century A.D.
Painting Leather & Metal Parts – 54mm (1/32)
78 Greek Mercenary, 5th Century B.C.
Getting the Maximum of Oil Paints -75mm (1/24)
CONTRIBUTORS
FERNANDO RUIZ CEANO • LOUIS D’ORIO •CHRISTOS KATSELOS • GRIGORIS MARMATAKIS • MANOLIS MITSOTAKIS • MASSIMO PASQUALI •SERGEY POPOVICHENKO •ERNESTO REYES STALHUTH• CHRISTOS STAMATOPOULOS
84 pages
Matt laminated cover
Strong Binding
Scale Model Handbook: Knights & Crusaders in Scale, Theme Collection Vol.2
MRB SMH-TC02
24,95€KNIGHTS AND CRUSADERS IN SCALE
THEME COLLECTION VOL.2
This is the second book in our new series of Scale Model Handbook Special Editions “Theme Collection” offering previously published articles from our “Editions Collection” where the content is dedicated to a common theme. This second book is about knights, especially those who participated in the period covering the Nine Crusades in the Holy Land, which is a popular subject for miniature figure modellers. Future titles in this new series will feature carefully chosen articles, grouped together into specific themes.
The books are produced using a high-quality digital printing process giving excellent quality illustrations, using 300g matt laminated velvet paper for the covers, with 150g velvet paper inside and all perfect bound with special glue!
As always, thanks must go to all our contributors for their support and for sharing their secrets with us. Special thanks are due to Pietro Balloni, Luca Marchetti, Alex Vallejo, Darren Parker-Mead, Man-Jin Kim, Alexey Lucanev, Fernando Vallejo, Taesung Harmms, Andrew Cairns, Young B. Song, Dae-Hyeong Kim, Ju Won Jung, Paul Ondeck, Yannis Papadopoulos, and our English Text Editor Ken Jones.
We hope youll enjoy our latest edition!
Stelios Demiras
Editor/Publisher
CONTENTS
4 A Knight of the Holy Sepulchre Order – A Comprehensive Painting Guide (Step-by-Step) – 54mm (1/32)
22 “Fratres Militiae”, 13th Century – Painting Realistic Metal, Leather and Black Fabric Effects – 54mm (1/32)
30 Roaming Knight, 15th century – How to Paint a Mounted Figure in Acrylics and Oils – 75mm (1/24)
40 Templar Knight – Painting a Medieval Knight Bust with Different Types of Materials, Texturing and Weathering Effects – 180mm (1/10)
46 Mounted Crusader Knight – Painting a Medieval Knight with Oil Colours – 54mm (1/32)
50 Templar Knight, 12th Century – Painting a Medieval Figure – 90mm (1/20)
62 Knight Hospitaller, 13th Century – How to Paint a Medieval Figure – 90mm (1/20)
68 Sculpting a Large-Scale Bust of a 14th Century Medieval Knight – A Master Pattern for Commercial Purposes Using Polymer Clay and Other Materials (Step-by-Step & Sculpting) – 180mm (1/10)
78 Hospitaller – Painting a Colourful Medieval Knight with Oil Colours – 75mm (1/24)
CONTRIBUTORS
DANIEL MILOSEVIC • MYOUCHIN • ERNESTO REYES STALHUTH • JASON ZHOU
84 pages
Matt laminated cover
Strong Binding
Scale Model Handbook: Figure modelling 5
MRB SMH05-FM05
14,95€The 5th book from Scale Model Handbook series is coming with many articles about box art painted figures. Learn techniques and tips from the masters on how to paint your models using either brushes or airbrush and make your own scratch-built figure, following the instructions of a master sculptor. This edition is completed with an article on how to paint metallic surfaces without using metallic colours!
Contents:
- 4 Officer of the Tsars Guard Russia, 1830 – 75mm.
- 15 Hajduk Serbian War of Independence – 75mm.
- 18 Addih-Hiddisch- 120mm.
- 26 Attila, King of the Huns, A.D. 451 – 54mm.
- 30 Australian “Digger”, Kokoda Trail c.1942 – 180mm.
- 32 Sculpting a German Reversible Winter Parka – 50mm.
- 40 Sgt Connor, Serpentian Heavy Infantry – 54mm.
- 46 Sergeant Bernard Mc Cabe, Sobraon, 1846 – 120mm.
Scale Model Handbook: Figure modelling 16
MRB SMH16-FM16
14,95€Herein are, tips and techniques plus information about modelling miniature figures from Ancient Times up to the Second World War Period. Six of the articles are covered in great detail with lots of step-by-step photos helping the reader to follow the different techniques concerning painting, sculpting, converting and making unique scenic bases.
We are pleased to welcome a new contributor to this edition, Jason Zhou from China, who painted the 180mm Hannibal Barca bust from the Nutsplanet range.
Scale Model Handbook: Figure modelling 13
MRB SMH13-FM13
14,95€This is the 13th book in the Scale Model Handbook series, again presenting lots of information, techniques and tips about modelling miniature figures. This time they have nine articles from eight well-known artists.
Once again their contributors share their techniques for sculpting and painting their masterpieces and they welcome four new ones, who are already established artists, to this edition – Daniel Milosevich, Juanma Vergara, Isaac Jaramillo Sama and Anders Heintz.
Scale Model Handbook: Figure modelling 15
MRB SMH15-FM15
12,95€They have reached the 15th book in the “Scale Model Handbook” series where, since the first book we have presented lots of information, tips and techniques about modelling miniature figures. This time they have gathered seven articles from seven well-known artists from around the World. Four of them are covered in great detail with lots of step-by-step photos, which help the reader to follow different techniques about painting, sculpting, converting and making those unique scenic bases.
They are pleased to welcome a new contributor to this edition, Stelios Neofytidis, who painted a Private of the 1st Battalion Gordon Highlanders, “Le Cateau” 1914 from Tommys War 54mm Figure Series.
Scale Model Handbook: Figure modelling 21
MRB SMH21-FM21
14,95€Answering a popular demand, they’ve decided to produce the 21st edition in the Figure Modelling series by again featuring only WWI and WWII themes, two of the most popular periods for modellers. In this issue, there are nine different articles – five on WWI and four on WWII written by five well-known artists and offering lots of tips and techniques about modelling miniature figures, busts and vignettes. Each chosen subject is covered in detail and illustrated with step-by-step photos and explanatory texts.
Scale Model Handbook: Diorama Modelling 1
MRB SMH-DM01
29,95€2nd edition, updated cover with same content!
100 pages.
Welcome to the first book about modelling dioramas in Mr Black Publications series of Scale Model Handbooks. They promised in their first issue that our publications would eventually cover a greater variety of military modelling themes and now their first special issue dedicated to various types of dioramas has come to fruition!
While gathering material for such a special book they soon realized that it wouldnt be possible to cover everything they wanted to in our standard 52-page format, so a 100-page book became inevitable to provide more coverage and satisfy the requirements of our readers. Different approaches, techniques and step-by-step instructions are covered in more than 400 photographs and associated texts to inspire you, the reader, to make your own creations.
Scale Model Handbook: Figure modelling 20
MRB SMH20-FM20
14,95€They decided to celebrate their 20th edition in the Figure Modelling series by featuring only WWI and WWII themes, which are our two most popular periods. They have 11 different articles herein – five on WWI and six on WWII.
Scale Model Handbook: WWII Special 1
MRB SMH-WWII01
24,95€This is the first book in the series where they have entirely dedicated to creations inspired by those events that took place between the years 1939-1945 known to Western histories as “The Second World War”. Even though wartime themes are numerous herein, and feature an extended variety of models and figures, especially in 1:35 scale, they have managed to present many representative examples catering to the varying interests of our readers.
Scale Model Handbook: Figure modelling 22
MRB SMH22-FM22
14,95€Ten articles from seven well-known artists and three making the first appearance in our editions, are featured in this issue, where you’ll find lots of tips and techniques about modeling miniature figures, busts, and vignettes from ancient times to the Second World War. Chosen subjects are covered in detail and illustrated with step-by-step photos and explanatory texts.
Scale Model Handbook: Figure modelling 18
MRB SMH18-FM18
14,95€This time offer eight articles from six well-known miniaturists with tips and techniques, information about modelling miniature figures, vignettes and small dioramas, from ancient times up to the Second World War. Most of the articles herein are covered in great detail with lots of step-by-step photos and explanatory texts.
Scale Model Handbook: Ancient Warriors in Scale, Theme Collection Vol.3
MRB SMH-TC03
24,95€ANCIENT WARRIORS IN SCALE
THEME COLLECTION VOL.3
This is the third “Theme Collections” title in our new series that draws upon previously published articles in our Scale Model Handbook Special Editions Collection books where the content is dedicated to a specific category or period. In this latest edition, we’ve gathered together some features on“Ancient Warriors”, which has a popular following amongst the miniature figure modelling fraternity. Future titles in this new series will offer more carefully chosen articles, grouped together into specific themes.
Our books are produced using a high-quality digital printing process giving excellent quality illustrations, using 300g matt laminated velvet paper for the covers, with 150g velvet paper inside all perfect bound with a special glue!
As always, thanks must go to all our contributors for their support and for sharing their secrets with us. Special thanks are due to Pietro Balloni, Luca Marchetti, Alex Vallejo, Darren Parker-Mead, Man-Jin Kim, Alexey Lucanev, Fernando Vallejo, TaesungHarmms, Andrew Cairns, Young B. Song, Dae-Hyeong Kim, Ju Won Jung, Paul Ondeck, Yannis Papadopoulos, and our English Text Editor Ken Jones.
We hope you’ll enjoy our latest edition!
Stelios Demiras
Editor/Publisher
CONTENTS
4 Gallic Chieftain 1st Century B.C.
How to Paint Fair Complexion & Celtic Tartan Cloak (Box Art) – 75mm (1/24)
16 Boudicca, Queen of the Iceni
Painting Female Complexion and Tartan – 75mm (1/24)
24 The Barbarians
Ancient Period Figures Vignette – 75mm (1/24)
28 Seleucid General
How to Paint a Large Scale Bust – 200mm (1/9)
34 Roma Victor, Germania 180 A.D.
Figure Conversion – 75mm (1/24)
38 Attila, King of the Huns, A.D. 451
Analyzing and Enhancing the Spirit of the Character behind a Miniature (Box Art) – 54mm (1/32)
42 Greek Hoplite
Painting an Ancient Theme Bust Using Oils – 180mm (1/10)
44 Praetorian Guard
Painting & Displaying a 75mm Figure in a Realistic Setting – 75mm (1/24)
52 General Marcus Antonius 83-30 B.C.
How to Paint a Large Scale Bust in Acrylics & Oils – 180mm (1/10)
54 Blood! Portraying Realistic Blood on Figures
Various Scales
60 Pausanias at the Battle of Plataea, 479 BC
How to Make a Realistic Landscape Setting & Painting Red Colour – 90mm (1/20)
66 Primus Pilus Roman Centurion, 1st century A.D.
A Comprehensive Painting Guide (Step by Step) – 75mm (1/24)
76 Hero Saxon Warrior, 5th Century A.D.
Painting Leather & Metal Parts – 54mm (1/32)
78 Greek Mercenary, 5th Century B.C.
Getting the Maximum of Oil Paints -75mm (1/24)
CONTRIBUTORS
FERNANDO RUIZ CEANO • LOUIS D’ORIO •CHRISTOS KATSELOS • GRIGORIS MARMATAKIS • MANOLIS MITSOTAKIS • MASSIMO PASQUALI •SERGEY POPOVICHENKO •ERNESTO REYES STALHUTH• CHRISTOS STAMATOPOULOS
84 pages
Matt laminated cover
Strong Binding
Scale Model Handbook: Knights & Crusaders in Scale, Theme Collection Vol.2
MRB SMH-TC02
24,95€KNIGHTS AND CRUSADERS IN SCALE
THEME COLLECTION VOL.2
This is the second book in our new series of Scale Model Handbook Special Editions “Theme Collection” offering previously published articles from our “Editions Collection” where the content is dedicated to a common theme. This second book is about knights, especially those who participated in the period covering the Nine Crusades in the Holy Land, which is a popular subject for miniature figure modellers. Future titles in this new series will feature carefully chosen articles, grouped together into specific themes.
The books are produced using a high-quality digital printing process giving excellent quality illustrations, using 300g matt laminated velvet paper for the covers, with 150g velvet paper inside and all perfect bound with special glue!
As always, thanks must go to all our contributors for their support and for sharing their secrets with us. Special thanks are due to Pietro Balloni, Luca Marchetti, Alex Vallejo, Darren Parker-Mead, Man-Jin Kim, Alexey Lucanev, Fernando Vallejo, Taesung Harmms, Andrew Cairns, Young B. Song, Dae-Hyeong Kim, Ju Won Jung, Paul Ondeck, Yannis Papadopoulos, and our English Text Editor Ken Jones.
We hope youll enjoy our latest edition!
Stelios Demiras
Editor/Publisher
CONTENTS
4 A Knight of the Holy Sepulchre Order – A Comprehensive Painting Guide (Step-by-Step) – 54mm (1/32)
22 “Fratres Militiae”, 13th Century – Painting Realistic Metal, Leather and Black Fabric Effects – 54mm (1/32)
30 Roaming Knight, 15th century – How to Paint a Mounted Figure in Acrylics and Oils – 75mm (1/24)
40 Templar Knight – Painting a Medieval Knight Bust with Different Types of Materials, Texturing and Weathering Effects – 180mm (1/10)
46 Mounted Crusader Knight – Painting a Medieval Knight with Oil Colours – 54mm (1/32)
50 Templar Knight, 12th Century – Painting a Medieval Figure – 90mm (1/20)
62 Knight Hospitaller, 13th Century – How to Paint a Medieval Figure – 90mm (1/20)
68 Sculpting a Large-Scale Bust of a 14th Century Medieval Knight – A Master Pattern for Commercial Purposes Using Polymer Clay and Other Materials (Step-by-Step & Sculpting) – 180mm (1/10)
78 Hospitaller – Painting a Colourful Medieval Knight with Oil Colours – 75mm (1/24)
CONTRIBUTORS
DANIEL MILOSEVIC • MYOUCHIN • ERNESTO REYES STALHUTH • JASON ZHOU
84 pages
Matt laminated cover
Strong Binding
Scale Model Handbook: Figure modelling 5
MRB SMH05-FM05
14,95€The 5th book from Scale Model Handbook series is coming with many articles about box art painted figures. Learn techniques and tips from the masters on how to paint your models using either brushes or airbrush and make your own scratch-built figure, following the instructions of a master sculptor. This edition is completed with an article on how to paint metallic surfaces without using metallic colours!
Contents:
- 4 Officer of the Tsars Guard Russia, 1830 – 75mm.
- 15 Hajduk Serbian War of Independence – 75mm.
- 18 Addih-Hiddisch- 120mm.
- 26 Attila, King of the Huns, A.D. 451 – 54mm.
- 30 Australian “Digger”, Kokoda Trail c.1942 – 180mm.
- 32 Sculpting a German Reversible Winter Parka – 50mm.
- 40 Sgt Connor, Serpentian Heavy Infantry – 54mm.
- 46 Sergeant Bernard Mc Cabe, Sobraon, 1846 – 120mm.
Scale Model Handbook: Figure modelling 16
MRB SMH16-FM16
14,95€Herein are, tips and techniques plus information about modelling miniature figures from Ancient Times up to the Second World War Period. Six of the articles are covered in great detail with lots of step-by-step photos helping the reader to follow the different techniques concerning painting, sculpting, converting and making unique scenic bases.
We are pleased to welcome a new contributor to this edition, Jason Zhou from China, who painted the 180mm Hannibal Barca bust from the Nutsplanet range.
Scale Model Handbook: Figure modelling 13
MRB SMH13-FM13
14,95€This is the 13th book in the Scale Model Handbook series, again presenting lots of information, techniques and tips about modelling miniature figures. This time they have nine articles from eight well-known artists.
Once again their contributors share their techniques for sculpting and painting their masterpieces and they welcome four new ones, who are already established artists, to this edition – Daniel Milosevich, Juanma Vergara, Isaac Jaramillo Sama and Anders Heintz.
Scale Model Handbook: Figure modelling 15
MRB SMH15-FM15
12,95€They have reached the 15th book in the “Scale Model Handbook” series where, since the first book we have presented lots of information, tips and techniques about modelling miniature figures. This time they have gathered seven articles from seven well-known artists from around the World. Four of them are covered in great detail with lots of step-by-step photos, which help the reader to follow different techniques about painting, sculpting, converting and making those unique scenic bases.
They are pleased to welcome a new contributor to this edition, Stelios Neofytidis, who painted a Private of the 1st Battalion Gordon Highlanders, “Le Cateau” 1914 from Tommys War 54mm Figure Series.
Scale Model Handbook: Figure modelling 21
MRB SMH21-FM21
14,95€Answering a popular demand, they’ve decided to produce the 21st edition in the Figure Modelling series by again featuring only WWI and WWII themes, two of the most popular periods for modellers. In this issue, there are nine different articles – five on WWI and four on WWII written by five well-known artists and offering lots of tips and techniques about modelling miniature figures, busts and vignettes. Each chosen subject is covered in detail and illustrated with step-by-step photos and explanatory texts.